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Disruptions Fail Welting, Ruth
Description
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the disruptions. It talks about how they were anticipating more lively programs
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80087
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University of Memphis Mcwherter Library
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July 31, 1974
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Sancyrae Woods, Jermey Smith, Qushundria Williams
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Digital Image @2016 University of Memphis Libraries Preservations and Special Collections Department All rights reserved.
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Entertainment
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Petterson , Glenn
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Title
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Disruptions Fail to ruin Shell Concert
Subject
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Disruptions Fail , Welting, Ruth
Description
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This article gives more insight to Welting singing at The Overton Shell Park. It tells how she had to sing over disruptions , and how the cops showed up after the second half to get things under control. It talks about the people there who showed up and started the disruptions and that they were anticipating a more lively program.
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Peterson, Glenn
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University of Memphis Libraries
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July 31, 1974
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Digital Image © 2016, University of Memphis Libraries Preservation and Special Collections Department. All rights reserved.
Entertainment
Spring 2016
-
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d9b0ae084fe5b53a813f75e024072db9
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09c0e6eae39b62e40cb0fcc0d6b9f319
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Title
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Religion
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Religion, 2016
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© 2016, Reagan Andrews; Dallas Bright; Jazmyne Mendez.
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Reagan Andrews, Dallas Bright, and Jazmyne Mendez
Date
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2016
Description
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<p class="Body" style="text-align:left;" align="center"> </p>
<p class="Body"> History offers anyone who is willing to learn about it a window into the past. It is a way to view cultures from the past, the way ancient civilizations functioned or the societal constraints of our more recent predecessors. Specifically, history has a lot to say about the evolution of religion over time. Even more specifically, history offers insight to how women related to or used religion in the past. During the 1800s religion shaped southern life<a title="">[1]</a>. This proves to be true in the case of Sister Hughetta Snowden, who devoted her life to the church actively during the 1870’s. The same could be said for Sister Mary Anne Guthrie, although her activity does not happen until about one hundred years later. By comparing these two outstanding women, one can draw conclusions about the way religion changes or stays the same over time.</p>
<p class="Body"> Sister Hughetta Snowden was born February 16th, 1848 in Nashville, Tennessee.<a title=""><sup><sup>[2]</sup></sup></a> In 1871, she joined the Sisters of St. Mary in New York City at the age of 23.<a title=""><sup><sup>[3]</sup></sup></a> In 1873, she moved to Memphis, Tennessee to expand the Sisterhood of St. Mary; however, at the same time there was a yellow fever epidemic. The Sisters worked together to help those who were ill. Later that year, they were able to start St. Mary’s School for Young Ladies.<a title=""><sup><sup>[4]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p> Sister Hughetta was the nineteenth choir sister in the Community of St. Mary after she took her final vows on August 21st, 1874.<a title=""><sup><sup>[5]</sup></sup></a> Many of the Sisters who came to Memphis with her lost their lives to the yellow fever of 1878. In <em>The Christmas Invitation,</em> an autobiography of Sister Hughetta's experiences directly after the yellow fever of 1878, there is talk of how Sister Hughetta herself was sick with the plague when her fellow Sisters lives were taken.<a title=""><sup><sup>[6]</sup></sup></a> That same year, Sister Hughetta Snowden was named Sister Superior of the Southern work.<a title=""><sup><sup>[7]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p> In 1881, Sister Hughetta established a summer home named “‘St. Mary’s-on-the-Mountain’”<a title=""><sup><sup>[8]</sup></sup></a> in Sewanee, Tennessee. She found that missionary work was greatly needed there so she “obtained permission from the Mother Foundress to start such work, and in 1897, a training school for mountain girls was opened”.<a title=""><sup><sup>[9]</sup></sup></a> It lacked workers, causing it to be closed only two years later. Despite this setback, Sister Hughetta Snowden continued her missionary work in that area.</p>
<p> Sister Hughetta retrieved workers from St. Mary’s in Memphis and re-opened the school. This time the school flourished until it completely burned down on May 3rd, 1909.<a title=""><sup><sup>[10]</sup></sup></a> Sister Snowden was very optimistic, and with the help of her friends, a stone structure is built from the ashes of the old school. This was where she continued her work until a year before she passed away.<a title=""><sup><sup>[11]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p>In one of Sister Hughetta's letters, she discussed the Sisters need to obtain permission to establish "a Sisters' Home" in 1888.<a title=""><sup><sup>[12]</sup></sup></a> She stated that the separate house for the Sisters was basically a necessity for them to live the religious life that they were called to do. "For there were now seven Sisters at the school and to give them the retirement and privacy that their life demanded and to facilitate them in the conventual living of the true Religious Life – ever an uppermost desire – the separate house for the Sisters was demanded."<a title=""><sup><sup>[13]</sup></sup></a> They did receive permission and were able to get their "Sisters' Home" for more space and privacy.</p>
<p>Sister Hughetta’s life speaks volumes about religion and the effects it had on society in that time period. By analyzing a more recent nun’s life, Sister Mary Anne Guthrie, comparisons can be made between the ways religion transcends over time periods. Though Sister Hughetta was a nun in the Episcopal Church and Sister Mary Anne was in the Dominican order of the Catholic Church, there are still great similarities between the two women and their impact on religion.</p>
<p>Sister Mary Anne Guthrie was born in 1926. She is known in Memphian history for her battle with Bellevue Baptist Church, and for being the first nun to run for congress. A Memphis native, she moved away for a short period of time, only to return to Memphis in 1968 to serve as a nurse practitioner at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. While in Memphis, she made sure to raise some hell (all jokes aside.) </p>
<p class="Body"> In 1974, Sister Mary Anne was told by the bishop of her convent, (which was a part of the Dominican Order of the Catholic Church,) that she could not become a bishop herself, “[and] she might as well go to Washington.”<a title=""><sup><sup>[14]</sup></sup></a> During the time, women could not hold the role as bishop in the Catholic Church, so Sister Mary Anne was encouraged to seek a political role in the secular world. She ran as a Democratic for the 8th district, opposed by four men and one woman, until one candidate dropped out of the race to support Sister Mary Anne. It was published in a newspaper on July 29, 1974, that Mark Flanagan was the man who withdrew from the race to give Sister Mary Anne a better chance of winning. He made his decision because he felt he and the Sister stood for the same things, one of which being a more ethnically-balanced Memphis. Flanagan is quoted saying, "We can't tolerate white racism and neither can we tolerate black racism." <a title="">[15]</a> The remaining candidates were Lee Whitman, Representative Harold Ford, Charles Burch and Joan Best. Sister Mary Anne was for the equality of all human beings, and felt if she won the congressional seat it would bring the government “a sense of humanity.”<a title=""><sup><sup>[16]</sup></sup></a> She also thought that her being a nun would help win the race.</p>
<p class="Body">Sister Mary Anne thought the main problem with the government was its diminishing integrity. She also felt less money should be spent on the nation’s defense and more should be spent on the bettering of less fortunate people. One example of her selflessness was while she was running for Congress, she spoke about why she felt America needed "a national health system that would not destroy free enterprise in the medical field."<a title="">[17]</a> Upon reading the health insurance bills before Congress, the Sister said she felt none of them were properly financed. She felt the government should not be over-taxing the middle class to fund health insurance. To combat the lack of care for a health system, Sister Mary Anne proposed creating her own health bill when elected. She told those at a luncheon at Harris Methodist Church, she was prepared to fight <em>all </em>opposition to her health insurance plans, especially from those from the American Medical Association (AMA) and the American Hospital Association (AHA).<a title="">[18]</a> With the help from neighborhood health centers, Sister Mary Anne hoped to educate people, especially the elderly, about medicines and better care for oneself. She ended her proposal with stressing the need for older voters to make a big turnout at the voting primary, stating, "We don’t need more food stamp programs, we need more income—a chance to live with dignity."<a title="">[19]</a></p>
<p class="Body">Another example of the Sister Mary Anne Guthrie’s humanity is shown in her infamous battle with Bellevue Baptist Church. A large part of the debate was over the techniques in which Bellevue chose to expand their church. All the purchases made by Bellevue over the years, forced people to move away so the church could take over new lands. Another portion of the debate was deciding whether or not to deny the church its growing needs. Sister Mary Anne Guthrie criticized Bellevue’s motives and means of expansion mainly because the church was putting people out of their homes, and“. . . she watched in frustration for years as Bellevue Baptist Church’s property acquisitions displaced residents and turned the church’s vicinity into an ‘asphalt jungle’”.<a title=""><sup><sup>[20]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p class="Body">One last example of Sister Mary Anne Guthrie's generosity is when she went to Lebanon, a then-war-torn country, to work at the American University of Beirut (AUB) Hospital. She took on the intensive care-recovery room with just six other nurses, when prior to the war there were 194 available workers. Once the war began hundreds of doctors and nurses fled the country. Rather than watching the war unravel over the news, Sister Mary Anne left her post as director of the Catholic Diocesan office of human rights, and offered up six months of her life to help the people of Lebanon. After reading newspaper articles about the conditions of the Palestinian refugee camps, Sister Mary Anne took a seventeen day Women's Interreligious Study Tour of the Middle East. She traveled into Beirut with the AUB Hospital's director, where she saw the newspapers had not told a single lie. She even volunteered to stay longer in Beirut if there was still a shortage of nurses after the war had ended.</p>
<p class="Body"> Throughout Sister Mary Anne Guthrie’s life, she was known for always wanting to help people who could not help themselves, and striving to make her voice heard for the greater good. She accomplished a lot of ground-breaking goals left a very impressive legacy behind—for those who can find it. After she passed, there was nothing left of her accomplishments aside from mostly newspaper archives. Only Sister Mary Anne’s brother, Milton Guthrie, would be found if one searched for information on her online. Since her brother was a more famous priest in Memphis, there is not a trace of her anywhere online. This just shows how men are considered more important for history than women even if the women leave a big impact.</p>
<p class="Body">Although Sister Hughetta Snowden and Sister Mary Anne Guthrie were born 78 years apart, the two still have numerous things in common with each other. First and foremost, they were both dedicated nuns who devoted their lives to helping others. For example, Sister Hughetta left behind her life in New York City to come to Memphis, where she eventually dedicated her time to helping those who fell victim to the yellow fever outbreak<a title="">[21]</a>. Sister Mary Anne also uprooted her life in the pursuit to help those around her when she decided to leave and help the sick in the needy areas of Peru<a title="">[22]</a>. Sister Mary Anne and Sister Hughetta did have integrity, but the way it transcended over the two time periods is very different. </p>
<p class="Default"> Sister Hughetta’s life and the work she did within the church tended to be more traditional work. Her move to Memphis was a church order, and so were most of the things she did in the Memphis community. Although Sister Hughetta had a lasting impact on Memphis, she did not necessarily challenge the gender ideals of her time period. However, Sister Mary Anne challenged the values of not only the church but society’s values as well. When Sister Mary Anne was the first nun to run for congress, she was opposed by church members and people who believed women simply did not have a place in congress. </p>
<p class="Default"> Both of these women faced the hardships of their time period, whether it be disease or restricting social standards—bravely. Sister Hughetta Snowden and Sister Mary Anne Guthrie will be remembered for both their similarities and differences. They will both continue to maintain their lasting historical impact on Memphis for decades to come. </p>
<p class="Default">____________________________________________</p>
<div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[1]</a> Dunn, Jeanette R., and Joe P. Dunn. "Southern Women and Religion."<em>Southern Women at the Millennium</em>. Melissa Walker, ed. Columbia: University of Missouri, 2003. 204-24. Print.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[2]</sup></sup></a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[3]</a> Gerald Chaudron. 2014. Biographical information in the R.B. Snowden family papers. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[4]</sup></sup></a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[5]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[6]</a> Margaret W. Jones and Susan P. Robinson. <em>The Christmas Invitation</em>. Memphis, TN: St. Luke's Press. 1985. 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[7]</sup></sup></a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[8]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[9]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[10]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[11]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[12]</a> Gerald Chaudron. 2014. Sister Hughetta Remininence. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 54 - 137.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[13]</a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title=""><sup><sup>[14]</sup></sup></a> Lapham, Anita. “Memphis Woman Is First Nun To Run For Congress<em>.</em>”<em> Herald-Tribune,</em> July, 1974</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[15]</a> “Flanagan Quits Race to Back Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[16]</sup></sup></a> Clark, Michael. <em>Sister May Start Raising Cain If Bellevue Keeps Razing Land</em>. The Commercial Appeal, May, 1983</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[17]</a>“Form of National Health System is Supported by Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[18]</a>Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[19]</a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[20]</sup></sup></a> Lapham, Anita. “Memphis Woman Is First Nun To Run For Congress.” Herald-Tribune, July, 1974</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[21]</a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[22]</a> “Peru’s Call Answered by Sister.” August, 1983. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div>
<p> Bibliography</p>
<p class="Body">Chaudron, Gerald. 2014. R.B. Snowden Family Papers. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65.</p>
<p>Chaudron, Gerald. 2014. Sister Hughetta Snowden Reminiscence. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 54 – 137.</p>
<p class="Body">Clark, Michael. <em>Sister May Start Raising Cain If Bellevue Keeps Razing Land.</em> The Commercial Appeal, May, 1983.</p>
<p>Dunn, Jeanette R., and Joe P. Dunn. "Southern Women and Religion."<em>Southern Women at the Millennium</em>. Melissa Walker, ed. Columbia: University of Missouri, 2003. Print.</p>
<p> “Flanagan Quits Race to Back Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
<p class="Body">“Form of National Health System is Supported by Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
<p class="Body">Jones, Margaret W., and Susan P. Robinson. <em>The Christmas Invitation</em>. Memphis, TN: St. Luke's Press. 1985.</p>
<p>Lapham, Anita. “Memphis Woman Is First Nun To Run For Congress.” <em>Herald-Tribune</em>, July, 1974.</p>
<p> “Peru’s Call Answered by Sister.” August, 1983. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
<p class="Body">St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
<p class="Body"> </p>
</div>
</div>
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Reagan Andrews, Dallas Bright, Jazmyne Mendez
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Sister Hughetta Snowden Reminiscence
Subject
The topic of the resource
Sister Hughetta's Correspondences
Creator
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Gerald Chaudron
Source
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MSS 54 - 137
Publisher
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The University of Memphis Libraries
Date
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December 2014
Contributor
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Dr. Franklin Wright
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Digital Image © 2016, University of Memphis Libraries Preservation and Special Collections Department. All rights reserved.
Description
An account of the resource
This document comes from the Sister Hughetta Snowden Reminiscence folder in the Special Collections of the University of Memphis. The folder contains undated correspondences from Sister Hughetta. These were held by the Episcopal Archives in Sewanee, Tennessee. In this letter, she discussed the need for the Sisters to have their own home apart from the chapel. She refers to this as a "Sisters' Home". This way the women could have more privacy to help live out their religious lives the way that they should. This is the only part from the letter that is included in our essay over religion. Not only did she ask about a home for the Sisters, but she also described how the church needed a big chapel to praise and worship God in.
Religion
Spring 2016
-
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a290647091ef403c8c0bb2267ceeb74d
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Religion
Subject
The topic of the resource
Religion, 2016
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
© 2016, Reagan Andrews; Dallas Bright; Jazmyne Mendez.
Creator
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Reagan Andrews, Dallas Bright, and Jazmyne Mendez
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2016
Description
An account of the resource
<p class="Body" style="text-align:left;" align="center"> </p>
<p class="Body"> History offers anyone who is willing to learn about it a window into the past. It is a way to view cultures from the past, the way ancient civilizations functioned or the societal constraints of our more recent predecessors. Specifically, history has a lot to say about the evolution of religion over time. Even more specifically, history offers insight to how women related to or used religion in the past. During the 1800s religion shaped southern life<a title="">[1]</a>. This proves to be true in the case of Sister Hughetta Snowden, who devoted her life to the church actively during the 1870’s. The same could be said for Sister Mary Anne Guthrie, although her activity does not happen until about one hundred years later. By comparing these two outstanding women, one can draw conclusions about the way religion changes or stays the same over time.</p>
<p class="Body"> Sister Hughetta Snowden was born February 16th, 1848 in Nashville, Tennessee.<a title=""><sup><sup>[2]</sup></sup></a> In 1871, she joined the Sisters of St. Mary in New York City at the age of 23.<a title=""><sup><sup>[3]</sup></sup></a> In 1873, she moved to Memphis, Tennessee to expand the Sisterhood of St. Mary; however, at the same time there was a yellow fever epidemic. The Sisters worked together to help those who were ill. Later that year, they were able to start St. Mary’s School for Young Ladies.<a title=""><sup><sup>[4]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p> Sister Hughetta was the nineteenth choir sister in the Community of St. Mary after she took her final vows on August 21st, 1874.<a title=""><sup><sup>[5]</sup></sup></a> Many of the Sisters who came to Memphis with her lost their lives to the yellow fever of 1878. In <em>The Christmas Invitation,</em> an autobiography of Sister Hughetta's experiences directly after the yellow fever of 1878, there is talk of how Sister Hughetta herself was sick with the plague when her fellow Sisters lives were taken.<a title=""><sup><sup>[6]</sup></sup></a> That same year, Sister Hughetta Snowden was named Sister Superior of the Southern work.<a title=""><sup><sup>[7]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p> In 1881, Sister Hughetta established a summer home named “‘St. Mary’s-on-the-Mountain’”<a title=""><sup><sup>[8]</sup></sup></a> in Sewanee, Tennessee. She found that missionary work was greatly needed there so she “obtained permission from the Mother Foundress to start such work, and in 1897, a training school for mountain girls was opened”.<a title=""><sup><sup>[9]</sup></sup></a> It lacked workers, causing it to be closed only two years later. Despite this setback, Sister Hughetta Snowden continued her missionary work in that area.</p>
<p> Sister Hughetta retrieved workers from St. Mary’s in Memphis and re-opened the school. This time the school flourished until it completely burned down on May 3rd, 1909.<a title=""><sup><sup>[10]</sup></sup></a> Sister Snowden was very optimistic, and with the help of her friends, a stone structure is built from the ashes of the old school. This was where she continued her work until a year before she passed away.<a title=""><sup><sup>[11]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p>In one of Sister Hughetta's letters, she discussed the Sisters need to obtain permission to establish "a Sisters' Home" in 1888.<a title=""><sup><sup>[12]</sup></sup></a> She stated that the separate house for the Sisters was basically a necessity for them to live the religious life that they were called to do. "For there were now seven Sisters at the school and to give them the retirement and privacy that their life demanded and to facilitate them in the conventual living of the true Religious Life – ever an uppermost desire – the separate house for the Sisters was demanded."<a title=""><sup><sup>[13]</sup></sup></a> They did receive permission and were able to get their "Sisters' Home" for more space and privacy.</p>
<p>Sister Hughetta’s life speaks volumes about religion and the effects it had on society in that time period. By analyzing a more recent nun’s life, Sister Mary Anne Guthrie, comparisons can be made between the ways religion transcends over time periods. Though Sister Hughetta was a nun in the Episcopal Church and Sister Mary Anne was in the Dominican order of the Catholic Church, there are still great similarities between the two women and their impact on religion.</p>
<p>Sister Mary Anne Guthrie was born in 1926. She is known in Memphian history for her battle with Bellevue Baptist Church, and for being the first nun to run for congress. A Memphis native, she moved away for a short period of time, only to return to Memphis in 1968 to serve as a nurse practitioner at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. While in Memphis, she made sure to raise some hell (all jokes aside.) </p>
<p class="Body"> In 1974, Sister Mary Anne was told by the bishop of her convent, (which was a part of the Dominican Order of the Catholic Church,) that she could not become a bishop herself, “[and] she might as well go to Washington.”<a title=""><sup><sup>[14]</sup></sup></a> During the time, women could not hold the role as bishop in the Catholic Church, so Sister Mary Anne was encouraged to seek a political role in the secular world. She ran as a Democratic for the 8th district, opposed by four men and one woman, until one candidate dropped out of the race to support Sister Mary Anne. It was published in a newspaper on July 29, 1974, that Mark Flanagan was the man who withdrew from the race to give Sister Mary Anne a better chance of winning. He made his decision because he felt he and the Sister stood for the same things, one of which being a more ethnically-balanced Memphis. Flanagan is quoted saying, "We can't tolerate white racism and neither can we tolerate black racism." <a title="">[15]</a> The remaining candidates were Lee Whitman, Representative Harold Ford, Charles Burch and Joan Best. Sister Mary Anne was for the equality of all human beings, and felt if she won the congressional seat it would bring the government “a sense of humanity.”<a title=""><sup><sup>[16]</sup></sup></a> She also thought that her being a nun would help win the race.</p>
<p class="Body">Sister Mary Anne thought the main problem with the government was its diminishing integrity. She also felt less money should be spent on the nation’s defense and more should be spent on the bettering of less fortunate people. One example of her selflessness was while she was running for Congress, she spoke about why she felt America needed "a national health system that would not destroy free enterprise in the medical field."<a title="">[17]</a> Upon reading the health insurance bills before Congress, the Sister said she felt none of them were properly financed. She felt the government should not be over-taxing the middle class to fund health insurance. To combat the lack of care for a health system, Sister Mary Anne proposed creating her own health bill when elected. She told those at a luncheon at Harris Methodist Church, she was prepared to fight <em>all </em>opposition to her health insurance plans, especially from those from the American Medical Association (AMA) and the American Hospital Association (AHA).<a title="">[18]</a> With the help from neighborhood health centers, Sister Mary Anne hoped to educate people, especially the elderly, about medicines and better care for oneself. She ended her proposal with stressing the need for older voters to make a big turnout at the voting primary, stating, "We don’t need more food stamp programs, we need more income—a chance to live with dignity."<a title="">[19]</a></p>
<p class="Body">Another example of the Sister Mary Anne Guthrie’s humanity is shown in her infamous battle with Bellevue Baptist Church. A large part of the debate was over the techniques in which Bellevue chose to expand their church. All the purchases made by Bellevue over the years, forced people to move away so the church could take over new lands. Another portion of the debate was deciding whether or not to deny the church its growing needs. Sister Mary Anne Guthrie criticized Bellevue’s motives and means of expansion mainly because the church was putting people out of their homes, and“. . . she watched in frustration for years as Bellevue Baptist Church’s property acquisitions displaced residents and turned the church’s vicinity into an ‘asphalt jungle’”.<a title=""><sup><sup>[20]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p class="Body">One last example of Sister Mary Anne Guthrie's generosity is when she went to Lebanon, a then-war-torn country, to work at the American University of Beirut (AUB) Hospital. She took on the intensive care-recovery room with just six other nurses, when prior to the war there were 194 available workers. Once the war began hundreds of doctors and nurses fled the country. Rather than watching the war unravel over the news, Sister Mary Anne left her post as director of the Catholic Diocesan office of human rights, and offered up six months of her life to help the people of Lebanon. After reading newspaper articles about the conditions of the Palestinian refugee camps, Sister Mary Anne took a seventeen day Women's Interreligious Study Tour of the Middle East. She traveled into Beirut with the AUB Hospital's director, where she saw the newspapers had not told a single lie. She even volunteered to stay longer in Beirut if there was still a shortage of nurses after the war had ended.</p>
<p class="Body"> Throughout Sister Mary Anne Guthrie’s life, she was known for always wanting to help people who could not help themselves, and striving to make her voice heard for the greater good. She accomplished a lot of ground-breaking goals left a very impressive legacy behind—for those who can find it. After she passed, there was nothing left of her accomplishments aside from mostly newspaper archives. Only Sister Mary Anne’s brother, Milton Guthrie, would be found if one searched for information on her online. Since her brother was a more famous priest in Memphis, there is not a trace of her anywhere online. This just shows how men are considered more important for history than women even if the women leave a big impact.</p>
<p class="Body">Although Sister Hughetta Snowden and Sister Mary Anne Guthrie were born 78 years apart, the two still have numerous things in common with each other. First and foremost, they were both dedicated nuns who devoted their lives to helping others. For example, Sister Hughetta left behind her life in New York City to come to Memphis, where she eventually dedicated her time to helping those who fell victim to the yellow fever outbreak<a title="">[21]</a>. Sister Mary Anne also uprooted her life in the pursuit to help those around her when she decided to leave and help the sick in the needy areas of Peru<a title="">[22]</a>. Sister Mary Anne and Sister Hughetta did have integrity, but the way it transcended over the two time periods is very different. </p>
<p class="Default"> Sister Hughetta’s life and the work she did within the church tended to be more traditional work. Her move to Memphis was a church order, and so were most of the things she did in the Memphis community. Although Sister Hughetta had a lasting impact on Memphis, she did not necessarily challenge the gender ideals of her time period. However, Sister Mary Anne challenged the values of not only the church but society’s values as well. When Sister Mary Anne was the first nun to run for congress, she was opposed by church members and people who believed women simply did not have a place in congress. </p>
<p class="Default"> Both of these women faced the hardships of their time period, whether it be disease or restricting social standards—bravely. Sister Hughetta Snowden and Sister Mary Anne Guthrie will be remembered for both their similarities and differences. They will both continue to maintain their lasting historical impact on Memphis for decades to come. </p>
<p class="Default">____________________________________________</p>
<div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[1]</a> Dunn, Jeanette R., and Joe P. Dunn. "Southern Women and Religion."<em>Southern Women at the Millennium</em>. Melissa Walker, ed. Columbia: University of Missouri, 2003. 204-24. Print.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[2]</sup></sup></a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[3]</a> Gerald Chaudron. 2014. Biographical information in the R.B. Snowden family papers. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[4]</sup></sup></a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[5]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[6]</a> Margaret W. Jones and Susan P. Robinson. <em>The Christmas Invitation</em>. Memphis, TN: St. Luke's Press. 1985. 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[7]</sup></sup></a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[8]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[9]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[10]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[11]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[12]</a> Gerald Chaudron. 2014. Sister Hughetta Remininence. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 54 - 137.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[13]</a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title=""><sup><sup>[14]</sup></sup></a> Lapham, Anita. “Memphis Woman Is First Nun To Run For Congress<em>.</em>”<em> Herald-Tribune,</em> July, 1974</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[15]</a> “Flanagan Quits Race to Back Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[16]</sup></sup></a> Clark, Michael. <em>Sister May Start Raising Cain If Bellevue Keeps Razing Land</em>. The Commercial Appeal, May, 1983</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[17]</a>“Form of National Health System is Supported by Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[18]</a>Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[19]</a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[20]</sup></sup></a> Lapham, Anita. “Memphis Woman Is First Nun To Run For Congress.” Herald-Tribune, July, 1974</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[21]</a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[22]</a> “Peru’s Call Answered by Sister.” August, 1983. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div>
<p> Bibliography</p>
<p class="Body">Chaudron, Gerald. 2014. R.B. Snowden Family Papers. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65.</p>
<p>Chaudron, Gerald. 2014. Sister Hughetta Snowden Reminiscence. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 54 – 137.</p>
<p class="Body">Clark, Michael. <em>Sister May Start Raising Cain If Bellevue Keeps Razing Land.</em> The Commercial Appeal, May, 1983.</p>
<p>Dunn, Jeanette R., and Joe P. Dunn. "Southern Women and Religion."<em>Southern Women at the Millennium</em>. Melissa Walker, ed. Columbia: University of Missouri, 2003. Print.</p>
<p> “Flanagan Quits Race to Back Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
<p class="Body">“Form of National Health System is Supported by Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
<p class="Body">Jones, Margaret W., and Susan P. Robinson. <em>The Christmas Invitation</em>. Memphis, TN: St. Luke's Press. 1985.</p>
<p>Lapham, Anita. “Memphis Woman Is First Nun To Run For Congress.” <em>Herald-Tribune</em>, July, 1974.</p>
<p> “Peru’s Call Answered by Sister.” August, 1983. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
<p class="Body">St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
<p class="Body"> </p>
</div>
</div>
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Reagan Andrews, Dallas Bright, Jazmyne Mendez
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Title
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Peru's Call Answered By Sister
Subject
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Religion
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This is a newspaper article from an unknown publisher that is dated to be from August 5, 1983. The article details Sister Mary Anne Guthrie's decision to uproot her life and work in a needy village in Peru. In the article, it states that Sister Mary Anne Guthrie believed that the Lord was calling her to go to Peru and assist in the peasant village there. The article then details Sister Mary Anne Guthrie's background information. It discusses her previous roll as Bishop Carrol T. Dozier's administrative assistant. It briefly mentions her involvement with St. Peter Manor, which is housing for the elderly. The article states that when Sister Mary Anne Guthrie decided she wanted to travel elsewhere, she considered going to Lebanon, Guatemala, or Peru. She decided Peru needed the greatest amount of help after meeting a women Dominican nun that was living there. The article accounts the extremely levels of poverty in Peru at the time. According to the article, Sister Mary Anne Guthrie received a sponsor from the Dominican sisters of St. Catharine. The article goes on to announce that Bishop Stafford and Dozier would be giving her a liturgy to honor all of the work she did for the church. More background information is given about Sister Mary Anne Guthrie, such as her work at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital before working under Bishop Dozier. The article accounts Sister Mary Anne Guthrie’s rise to being a very influential figure in the diocese, and her eventual running for the Democratic Nomination for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1974. The last line of the article states that although she did not receive the nomination, the man who did, Rep. Harold Ford, appointed Sister Mary Anne Guthrie as co-chairman of his campaign.
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Michael Clark
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MSS 475 Box 370B Folder 3
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Digital Image © 2016, University of Memphis Libraries Preservation and Special Collections Department. All rights reserved.
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University of Memphis Libraries
Religion
Spring 2016
-
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99a4f9ada0df34cfd8d9fd60ec111eb5
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The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Religion
Subject
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Religion, 2016
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© 2016, Reagan Andrews; Dallas Bright; Jazmyne Mendez.
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Reagan Andrews, Dallas Bright, and Jazmyne Mendez
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2016
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<p class="Body" style="text-align:left;" align="center"> </p>
<p class="Body"> History offers anyone who is willing to learn about it a window into the past. It is a way to view cultures from the past, the way ancient civilizations functioned or the societal constraints of our more recent predecessors. Specifically, history has a lot to say about the evolution of religion over time. Even more specifically, history offers insight to how women related to or used religion in the past. During the 1800s religion shaped southern life<a title="">[1]</a>. This proves to be true in the case of Sister Hughetta Snowden, who devoted her life to the church actively during the 1870’s. The same could be said for Sister Mary Anne Guthrie, although her activity does not happen until about one hundred years later. By comparing these two outstanding women, one can draw conclusions about the way religion changes or stays the same over time.</p>
<p class="Body"> Sister Hughetta Snowden was born February 16th, 1848 in Nashville, Tennessee.<a title=""><sup><sup>[2]</sup></sup></a> In 1871, she joined the Sisters of St. Mary in New York City at the age of 23.<a title=""><sup><sup>[3]</sup></sup></a> In 1873, she moved to Memphis, Tennessee to expand the Sisterhood of St. Mary; however, at the same time there was a yellow fever epidemic. The Sisters worked together to help those who were ill. Later that year, they were able to start St. Mary’s School for Young Ladies.<a title=""><sup><sup>[4]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p> Sister Hughetta was the nineteenth choir sister in the Community of St. Mary after she took her final vows on August 21st, 1874.<a title=""><sup><sup>[5]</sup></sup></a> Many of the Sisters who came to Memphis with her lost their lives to the yellow fever of 1878. In <em>The Christmas Invitation,</em> an autobiography of Sister Hughetta's experiences directly after the yellow fever of 1878, there is talk of how Sister Hughetta herself was sick with the plague when her fellow Sisters lives were taken.<a title=""><sup><sup>[6]</sup></sup></a> That same year, Sister Hughetta Snowden was named Sister Superior of the Southern work.<a title=""><sup><sup>[7]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p> In 1881, Sister Hughetta established a summer home named “‘St. Mary’s-on-the-Mountain’”<a title=""><sup><sup>[8]</sup></sup></a> in Sewanee, Tennessee. She found that missionary work was greatly needed there so she “obtained permission from the Mother Foundress to start such work, and in 1897, a training school for mountain girls was opened”.<a title=""><sup><sup>[9]</sup></sup></a> It lacked workers, causing it to be closed only two years later. Despite this setback, Sister Hughetta Snowden continued her missionary work in that area.</p>
<p> Sister Hughetta retrieved workers from St. Mary’s in Memphis and re-opened the school. This time the school flourished until it completely burned down on May 3rd, 1909.<a title=""><sup><sup>[10]</sup></sup></a> Sister Snowden was very optimistic, and with the help of her friends, a stone structure is built from the ashes of the old school. This was where she continued her work until a year before she passed away.<a title=""><sup><sup>[11]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p>In one of Sister Hughetta's letters, she discussed the Sisters need to obtain permission to establish "a Sisters' Home" in 1888.<a title=""><sup><sup>[12]</sup></sup></a> She stated that the separate house for the Sisters was basically a necessity for them to live the religious life that they were called to do. "For there were now seven Sisters at the school and to give them the retirement and privacy that their life demanded and to facilitate them in the conventual living of the true Religious Life – ever an uppermost desire – the separate house for the Sisters was demanded."<a title=""><sup><sup>[13]</sup></sup></a> They did receive permission and were able to get their "Sisters' Home" for more space and privacy.</p>
<p>Sister Hughetta’s life speaks volumes about religion and the effects it had on society in that time period. By analyzing a more recent nun’s life, Sister Mary Anne Guthrie, comparisons can be made between the ways religion transcends over time periods. Though Sister Hughetta was a nun in the Episcopal Church and Sister Mary Anne was in the Dominican order of the Catholic Church, there are still great similarities between the two women and their impact on religion.</p>
<p>Sister Mary Anne Guthrie was born in 1926. She is known in Memphian history for her battle with Bellevue Baptist Church, and for being the first nun to run for congress. A Memphis native, she moved away for a short period of time, only to return to Memphis in 1968 to serve as a nurse practitioner at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. While in Memphis, she made sure to raise some hell (all jokes aside.) </p>
<p class="Body"> In 1974, Sister Mary Anne was told by the bishop of her convent, (which was a part of the Dominican Order of the Catholic Church,) that she could not become a bishop herself, “[and] she might as well go to Washington.”<a title=""><sup><sup>[14]</sup></sup></a> During the time, women could not hold the role as bishop in the Catholic Church, so Sister Mary Anne was encouraged to seek a political role in the secular world. She ran as a Democratic for the 8th district, opposed by four men and one woman, until one candidate dropped out of the race to support Sister Mary Anne. It was published in a newspaper on July 29, 1974, that Mark Flanagan was the man who withdrew from the race to give Sister Mary Anne a better chance of winning. He made his decision because he felt he and the Sister stood for the same things, one of which being a more ethnically-balanced Memphis. Flanagan is quoted saying, "We can't tolerate white racism and neither can we tolerate black racism." <a title="">[15]</a> The remaining candidates were Lee Whitman, Representative Harold Ford, Charles Burch and Joan Best. Sister Mary Anne was for the equality of all human beings, and felt if she won the congressional seat it would bring the government “a sense of humanity.”<a title=""><sup><sup>[16]</sup></sup></a> She also thought that her being a nun would help win the race.</p>
<p class="Body">Sister Mary Anne thought the main problem with the government was its diminishing integrity. She also felt less money should be spent on the nation’s defense and more should be spent on the bettering of less fortunate people. One example of her selflessness was while she was running for Congress, she spoke about why she felt America needed "a national health system that would not destroy free enterprise in the medical field."<a title="">[17]</a> Upon reading the health insurance bills before Congress, the Sister said she felt none of them were properly financed. She felt the government should not be over-taxing the middle class to fund health insurance. To combat the lack of care for a health system, Sister Mary Anne proposed creating her own health bill when elected. She told those at a luncheon at Harris Methodist Church, she was prepared to fight <em>all </em>opposition to her health insurance plans, especially from those from the American Medical Association (AMA) and the American Hospital Association (AHA).<a title="">[18]</a> With the help from neighborhood health centers, Sister Mary Anne hoped to educate people, especially the elderly, about medicines and better care for oneself. She ended her proposal with stressing the need for older voters to make a big turnout at the voting primary, stating, "We don’t need more food stamp programs, we need more income—a chance to live with dignity."<a title="">[19]</a></p>
<p class="Body">Another example of the Sister Mary Anne Guthrie’s humanity is shown in her infamous battle with Bellevue Baptist Church. A large part of the debate was over the techniques in which Bellevue chose to expand their church. All the purchases made by Bellevue over the years, forced people to move away so the church could take over new lands. Another portion of the debate was deciding whether or not to deny the church its growing needs. Sister Mary Anne Guthrie criticized Bellevue’s motives and means of expansion mainly because the church was putting people out of their homes, and“. . . she watched in frustration for years as Bellevue Baptist Church’s property acquisitions displaced residents and turned the church’s vicinity into an ‘asphalt jungle’”.<a title=""><sup><sup>[20]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p class="Body">One last example of Sister Mary Anne Guthrie's generosity is when she went to Lebanon, a then-war-torn country, to work at the American University of Beirut (AUB) Hospital. She took on the intensive care-recovery room with just six other nurses, when prior to the war there were 194 available workers. Once the war began hundreds of doctors and nurses fled the country. Rather than watching the war unravel over the news, Sister Mary Anne left her post as director of the Catholic Diocesan office of human rights, and offered up six months of her life to help the people of Lebanon. After reading newspaper articles about the conditions of the Palestinian refugee camps, Sister Mary Anne took a seventeen day Women's Interreligious Study Tour of the Middle East. She traveled into Beirut with the AUB Hospital's director, where she saw the newspapers had not told a single lie. She even volunteered to stay longer in Beirut if there was still a shortage of nurses after the war had ended.</p>
<p class="Body"> Throughout Sister Mary Anne Guthrie’s life, she was known for always wanting to help people who could not help themselves, and striving to make her voice heard for the greater good. She accomplished a lot of ground-breaking goals left a very impressive legacy behind—for those who can find it. After she passed, there was nothing left of her accomplishments aside from mostly newspaper archives. Only Sister Mary Anne’s brother, Milton Guthrie, would be found if one searched for information on her online. Since her brother was a more famous priest in Memphis, there is not a trace of her anywhere online. This just shows how men are considered more important for history than women even if the women leave a big impact.</p>
<p class="Body">Although Sister Hughetta Snowden and Sister Mary Anne Guthrie were born 78 years apart, the two still have numerous things in common with each other. First and foremost, they were both dedicated nuns who devoted their lives to helping others. For example, Sister Hughetta left behind her life in New York City to come to Memphis, where she eventually dedicated her time to helping those who fell victim to the yellow fever outbreak<a title="">[21]</a>. Sister Mary Anne also uprooted her life in the pursuit to help those around her when she decided to leave and help the sick in the needy areas of Peru<a title="">[22]</a>. Sister Mary Anne and Sister Hughetta did have integrity, but the way it transcended over the two time periods is very different. </p>
<p class="Default"> Sister Hughetta’s life and the work she did within the church tended to be more traditional work. Her move to Memphis was a church order, and so were most of the things she did in the Memphis community. Although Sister Hughetta had a lasting impact on Memphis, she did not necessarily challenge the gender ideals of her time period. However, Sister Mary Anne challenged the values of not only the church but society’s values as well. When Sister Mary Anne was the first nun to run for congress, she was opposed by church members and people who believed women simply did not have a place in congress. </p>
<p class="Default"> Both of these women faced the hardships of their time period, whether it be disease or restricting social standards—bravely. Sister Hughetta Snowden and Sister Mary Anne Guthrie will be remembered for both their similarities and differences. They will both continue to maintain their lasting historical impact on Memphis for decades to come. </p>
<p class="Default">____________________________________________</p>
<div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[1]</a> Dunn, Jeanette R., and Joe P. Dunn. "Southern Women and Religion."<em>Southern Women at the Millennium</em>. Melissa Walker, ed. Columbia: University of Missouri, 2003. 204-24. Print.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[2]</sup></sup></a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[3]</a> Gerald Chaudron. 2014. Biographical information in the R.B. Snowden family papers. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[4]</sup></sup></a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[5]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[6]</a> Margaret W. Jones and Susan P. Robinson. <em>The Christmas Invitation</em>. Memphis, TN: St. Luke's Press. 1985. 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[7]</sup></sup></a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[8]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[9]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[10]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[11]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[12]</a> Gerald Chaudron. 2014. Sister Hughetta Remininence. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 54 - 137.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[13]</a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title=""><sup><sup>[14]</sup></sup></a> Lapham, Anita. “Memphis Woman Is First Nun To Run For Congress<em>.</em>”<em> Herald-Tribune,</em> July, 1974</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[15]</a> “Flanagan Quits Race to Back Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[16]</sup></sup></a> Clark, Michael. <em>Sister May Start Raising Cain If Bellevue Keeps Razing Land</em>. The Commercial Appeal, May, 1983</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[17]</a>“Form of National Health System is Supported by Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[18]</a>Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[19]</a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[20]</sup></sup></a> Lapham, Anita. “Memphis Woman Is First Nun To Run For Congress.” Herald-Tribune, July, 1974</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[21]</a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[22]</a> “Peru’s Call Answered by Sister.” August, 1983. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div>
<p> Bibliography</p>
<p class="Body">Chaudron, Gerald. 2014. R.B. Snowden Family Papers. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65.</p>
<p>Chaudron, Gerald. 2014. Sister Hughetta Snowden Reminiscence. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 54 – 137.</p>
<p class="Body">Clark, Michael. <em>Sister May Start Raising Cain If Bellevue Keeps Razing Land.</em> The Commercial Appeal, May, 1983.</p>
<p>Dunn, Jeanette R., and Joe P. Dunn. "Southern Women and Religion."<em>Southern Women at the Millennium</em>. Melissa Walker, ed. Columbia: University of Missouri, 2003. Print.</p>
<p> “Flanagan Quits Race to Back Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
<p class="Body">“Form of National Health System is Supported by Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
<p class="Body">Jones, Margaret W., and Susan P. Robinson. <em>The Christmas Invitation</em>. Memphis, TN: St. Luke's Press. 1985.</p>
<p>Lapham, Anita. “Memphis Woman Is First Nun To Run For Congress.” <em>Herald-Tribune</em>, July, 1974.</p>
<p> “Peru’s Call Answered by Sister.” August, 1983. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
<p class="Body">St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
<p class="Body"> </p>
</div>
</div>
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Reagan Andrews, Dallas Bright, Jazmyne Mendez
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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R.B. Snowden Family Papers
Subject
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Biography Information on Sister Hughetta Snowden
Creator
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Louisa Bowen, Victoria Moore, and Gerald Chaudron
Source
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MSS 65
Publisher
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University of Memphis Libraries
Date
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December 2014
Contributor
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William W. Deupree and Nancy Deupree Crisamore
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Digital Image © 2016, University of Memphis Libraries Preservation and Special Collections Department. All rights reserved.
Description
An account of the resource
This document is part of a finding key in the Special Collections at the University of Memphis. We used the biography information on Sister Hughetta Snowden to give us a little background information on the Sister. This information tells us that Sister Hughetta lived from 1848 to 1926. It also tells us that she was the youngest child in her family. She became one of the Episcopal Sisters of St. Mary at the age of 23. The Sister helped to found the Episcopal School for Girls in Memphis, Tennessee. And during the yellow fever outbreak, she helped to care for the sick. The Sisters turned the school into a hospital during that time. After the epidemic, she went on to establish another school and convent in Sewanee, Tennessee. Once she got older, she was transferred back to the motherhouse in New York. This is where she eventually died in 1926.
Religion
Spring 2016
-
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1cf9bceaf7e518ede25504184dfa12c1
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Religion
Subject
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Religion, 2016
Rights
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© 2016, Reagan Andrews; Dallas Bright; Jazmyne Mendez.
Creator
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Reagan Andrews, Dallas Bright, and Jazmyne Mendez
Date
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2016
Description
An account of the resource
<p class="Body" style="text-align:left;" align="center"> </p>
<p class="Body"> History offers anyone who is willing to learn about it a window into the past. It is a way to view cultures from the past, the way ancient civilizations functioned or the societal constraints of our more recent predecessors. Specifically, history has a lot to say about the evolution of religion over time. Even more specifically, history offers insight to how women related to or used religion in the past. During the 1800s religion shaped southern life<a title="">[1]</a>. This proves to be true in the case of Sister Hughetta Snowden, who devoted her life to the church actively during the 1870’s. The same could be said for Sister Mary Anne Guthrie, although her activity does not happen until about one hundred years later. By comparing these two outstanding women, one can draw conclusions about the way religion changes or stays the same over time.</p>
<p class="Body"> Sister Hughetta Snowden was born February 16th, 1848 in Nashville, Tennessee.<a title=""><sup><sup>[2]</sup></sup></a> In 1871, she joined the Sisters of St. Mary in New York City at the age of 23.<a title=""><sup><sup>[3]</sup></sup></a> In 1873, she moved to Memphis, Tennessee to expand the Sisterhood of St. Mary; however, at the same time there was a yellow fever epidemic. The Sisters worked together to help those who were ill. Later that year, they were able to start St. Mary’s School for Young Ladies.<a title=""><sup><sup>[4]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p> Sister Hughetta was the nineteenth choir sister in the Community of St. Mary after she took her final vows on August 21st, 1874.<a title=""><sup><sup>[5]</sup></sup></a> Many of the Sisters who came to Memphis with her lost their lives to the yellow fever of 1878. In <em>The Christmas Invitation,</em> an autobiography of Sister Hughetta's experiences directly after the yellow fever of 1878, there is talk of how Sister Hughetta herself was sick with the plague when her fellow Sisters lives were taken.<a title=""><sup><sup>[6]</sup></sup></a> That same year, Sister Hughetta Snowden was named Sister Superior of the Southern work.<a title=""><sup><sup>[7]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p> In 1881, Sister Hughetta established a summer home named “‘St. Mary’s-on-the-Mountain’”<a title=""><sup><sup>[8]</sup></sup></a> in Sewanee, Tennessee. She found that missionary work was greatly needed there so she “obtained permission from the Mother Foundress to start such work, and in 1897, a training school for mountain girls was opened”.<a title=""><sup><sup>[9]</sup></sup></a> It lacked workers, causing it to be closed only two years later. Despite this setback, Sister Hughetta Snowden continued her missionary work in that area.</p>
<p> Sister Hughetta retrieved workers from St. Mary’s in Memphis and re-opened the school. This time the school flourished until it completely burned down on May 3rd, 1909.<a title=""><sup><sup>[10]</sup></sup></a> Sister Snowden was very optimistic, and with the help of her friends, a stone structure is built from the ashes of the old school. This was where she continued her work until a year before she passed away.<a title=""><sup><sup>[11]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p>In one of Sister Hughetta's letters, she discussed the Sisters need to obtain permission to establish "a Sisters' Home" in 1888.<a title=""><sup><sup>[12]</sup></sup></a> She stated that the separate house for the Sisters was basically a necessity for them to live the religious life that they were called to do. "For there were now seven Sisters at the school and to give them the retirement and privacy that their life demanded and to facilitate them in the conventual living of the true Religious Life – ever an uppermost desire – the separate house for the Sisters was demanded."<a title=""><sup><sup>[13]</sup></sup></a> They did receive permission and were able to get their "Sisters' Home" for more space and privacy.</p>
<p>Sister Hughetta’s life speaks volumes about religion and the effects it had on society in that time period. By analyzing a more recent nun’s life, Sister Mary Anne Guthrie, comparisons can be made between the ways religion transcends over time periods. Though Sister Hughetta was a nun in the Episcopal Church and Sister Mary Anne was in the Dominican order of the Catholic Church, there are still great similarities between the two women and their impact on religion.</p>
<p>Sister Mary Anne Guthrie was born in 1926. She is known in Memphian history for her battle with Bellevue Baptist Church, and for being the first nun to run for congress. A Memphis native, she moved away for a short period of time, only to return to Memphis in 1968 to serve as a nurse practitioner at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. While in Memphis, she made sure to raise some hell (all jokes aside.) </p>
<p class="Body"> In 1974, Sister Mary Anne was told by the bishop of her convent, (which was a part of the Dominican Order of the Catholic Church,) that she could not become a bishop herself, “[and] she might as well go to Washington.”<a title=""><sup><sup>[14]</sup></sup></a> During the time, women could not hold the role as bishop in the Catholic Church, so Sister Mary Anne was encouraged to seek a political role in the secular world. She ran as a Democratic for the 8th district, opposed by four men and one woman, until one candidate dropped out of the race to support Sister Mary Anne. It was published in a newspaper on July 29, 1974, that Mark Flanagan was the man who withdrew from the race to give Sister Mary Anne a better chance of winning. He made his decision because he felt he and the Sister stood for the same things, one of which being a more ethnically-balanced Memphis. Flanagan is quoted saying, "We can't tolerate white racism and neither can we tolerate black racism." <a title="">[15]</a> The remaining candidates were Lee Whitman, Representative Harold Ford, Charles Burch and Joan Best. Sister Mary Anne was for the equality of all human beings, and felt if she won the congressional seat it would bring the government “a sense of humanity.”<a title=""><sup><sup>[16]</sup></sup></a> She also thought that her being a nun would help win the race.</p>
<p class="Body">Sister Mary Anne thought the main problem with the government was its diminishing integrity. She also felt less money should be spent on the nation’s defense and more should be spent on the bettering of less fortunate people. One example of her selflessness was while she was running for Congress, she spoke about why she felt America needed "a national health system that would not destroy free enterprise in the medical field."<a title="">[17]</a> Upon reading the health insurance bills before Congress, the Sister said she felt none of them were properly financed. She felt the government should not be over-taxing the middle class to fund health insurance. To combat the lack of care for a health system, Sister Mary Anne proposed creating her own health bill when elected. She told those at a luncheon at Harris Methodist Church, she was prepared to fight <em>all </em>opposition to her health insurance plans, especially from those from the American Medical Association (AMA) and the American Hospital Association (AHA).<a title="">[18]</a> With the help from neighborhood health centers, Sister Mary Anne hoped to educate people, especially the elderly, about medicines and better care for oneself. She ended her proposal with stressing the need for older voters to make a big turnout at the voting primary, stating, "We don’t need more food stamp programs, we need more income—a chance to live with dignity."<a title="">[19]</a></p>
<p class="Body">Another example of the Sister Mary Anne Guthrie’s humanity is shown in her infamous battle with Bellevue Baptist Church. A large part of the debate was over the techniques in which Bellevue chose to expand their church. All the purchases made by Bellevue over the years, forced people to move away so the church could take over new lands. Another portion of the debate was deciding whether or not to deny the church its growing needs. Sister Mary Anne Guthrie criticized Bellevue’s motives and means of expansion mainly because the church was putting people out of their homes, and“. . . she watched in frustration for years as Bellevue Baptist Church’s property acquisitions displaced residents and turned the church’s vicinity into an ‘asphalt jungle’”.<a title=""><sup><sup>[20]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p class="Body">One last example of Sister Mary Anne Guthrie's generosity is when she went to Lebanon, a then-war-torn country, to work at the American University of Beirut (AUB) Hospital. She took on the intensive care-recovery room with just six other nurses, when prior to the war there were 194 available workers. Once the war began hundreds of doctors and nurses fled the country. Rather than watching the war unravel over the news, Sister Mary Anne left her post as director of the Catholic Diocesan office of human rights, and offered up six months of her life to help the people of Lebanon. After reading newspaper articles about the conditions of the Palestinian refugee camps, Sister Mary Anne took a seventeen day Women's Interreligious Study Tour of the Middle East. She traveled into Beirut with the AUB Hospital's director, where she saw the newspapers had not told a single lie. She even volunteered to stay longer in Beirut if there was still a shortage of nurses after the war had ended.</p>
<p class="Body"> Throughout Sister Mary Anne Guthrie’s life, she was known for always wanting to help people who could not help themselves, and striving to make her voice heard for the greater good. She accomplished a lot of ground-breaking goals left a very impressive legacy behind—for those who can find it. After she passed, there was nothing left of her accomplishments aside from mostly newspaper archives. Only Sister Mary Anne’s brother, Milton Guthrie, would be found if one searched for information on her online. Since her brother was a more famous priest in Memphis, there is not a trace of her anywhere online. This just shows how men are considered more important for history than women even if the women leave a big impact.</p>
<p class="Body">Although Sister Hughetta Snowden and Sister Mary Anne Guthrie were born 78 years apart, the two still have numerous things in common with each other. First and foremost, they were both dedicated nuns who devoted their lives to helping others. For example, Sister Hughetta left behind her life in New York City to come to Memphis, where she eventually dedicated her time to helping those who fell victim to the yellow fever outbreak<a title="">[21]</a>. Sister Mary Anne also uprooted her life in the pursuit to help those around her when she decided to leave and help the sick in the needy areas of Peru<a title="">[22]</a>. Sister Mary Anne and Sister Hughetta did have integrity, but the way it transcended over the two time periods is very different. </p>
<p class="Default"> Sister Hughetta’s life and the work she did within the church tended to be more traditional work. Her move to Memphis was a church order, and so were most of the things she did in the Memphis community. Although Sister Hughetta had a lasting impact on Memphis, she did not necessarily challenge the gender ideals of her time period. However, Sister Mary Anne challenged the values of not only the church but society’s values as well. When Sister Mary Anne was the first nun to run for congress, she was opposed by church members and people who believed women simply did not have a place in congress. </p>
<p class="Default"> Both of these women faced the hardships of their time period, whether it be disease or restricting social standards—bravely. Sister Hughetta Snowden and Sister Mary Anne Guthrie will be remembered for both their similarities and differences. They will both continue to maintain their lasting historical impact on Memphis for decades to come. </p>
<p class="Default">____________________________________________</p>
<div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[1]</a> Dunn, Jeanette R., and Joe P. Dunn. "Southern Women and Religion."<em>Southern Women at the Millennium</em>. Melissa Walker, ed. Columbia: University of Missouri, 2003. 204-24. Print.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[2]</sup></sup></a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[3]</a> Gerald Chaudron. 2014. Biographical information in the R.B. Snowden family papers. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[4]</sup></sup></a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[5]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[6]</a> Margaret W. Jones and Susan P. Robinson. <em>The Christmas Invitation</em>. Memphis, TN: St. Luke's Press. 1985. 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[7]</sup></sup></a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[8]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[9]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[10]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[11]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[12]</a> Gerald Chaudron. 2014. Sister Hughetta Remininence. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 54 - 137.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[13]</a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title=""><sup><sup>[14]</sup></sup></a> Lapham, Anita. “Memphis Woman Is First Nun To Run For Congress<em>.</em>”<em> Herald-Tribune,</em> July, 1974</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[15]</a> “Flanagan Quits Race to Back Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[16]</sup></sup></a> Clark, Michael. <em>Sister May Start Raising Cain If Bellevue Keeps Razing Land</em>. The Commercial Appeal, May, 1983</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[17]</a>“Form of National Health System is Supported by Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[18]</a>Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[19]</a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[20]</sup></sup></a> Lapham, Anita. “Memphis Woman Is First Nun To Run For Congress.” Herald-Tribune, July, 1974</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[21]</a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[22]</a> “Peru’s Call Answered by Sister.” August, 1983. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div>
<p> Bibliography</p>
<p class="Body">Chaudron, Gerald. 2014. R.B. Snowden Family Papers. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65.</p>
<p>Chaudron, Gerald. 2014. Sister Hughetta Snowden Reminiscence. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 54 – 137.</p>
<p class="Body">Clark, Michael. <em>Sister May Start Raising Cain If Bellevue Keeps Razing Land.</em> The Commercial Appeal, May, 1983.</p>
<p>Dunn, Jeanette R., and Joe P. Dunn. "Southern Women and Religion."<em>Southern Women at the Millennium</em>. Melissa Walker, ed. Columbia: University of Missouri, 2003. Print.</p>
<p> “Flanagan Quits Race to Back Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
<p class="Body">“Form of National Health System is Supported by Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
<p class="Body">Jones, Margaret W., and Susan P. Robinson. <em>The Christmas Invitation</em>. Memphis, TN: St. Luke's Press. 1985.</p>
<p>Lapham, Anita. “Memphis Woman Is First Nun To Run For Congress.” <em>Herald-Tribune</em>, July, 1974.</p>
<p> “Peru’s Call Answered by Sister.” August, 1983. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
<p class="Body">St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
<p class="Body"> </p>
</div>
</div>
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Reagan Andrews, Dallas Bright, Jazmyne Mendez
Still Image
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Form of National Health System is Supported by Sister Guthrie
Subject
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Religion, Congress, Memphis, Guthrie, Mary Anne
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In this newspaper article, Sister Mary Anne Guthrie says she wants “a national health system in America that would not destroy free enterprise” within the medical field. She told a group at a luncheon at Harris Methodist Church, she feels as though there is not one health insurance bill before Congress that is correctly or completely financed. Sister Mary Anne feels as though there needs to be other ways to finance health insurance that does not involve over-taxing the middle class.<br /><br /> Once a part of Congress, Sister Guthrie wants to author a bill that will emphasize preventive cares, rather than therapeutic ones. Although the Sister is not in favor of socialized medicine, she understands it may be in Memphis’ near future if some drastic changes are not made soon because “even the wealthy are prices out of quality medical care,” she added. All opposition toward the community-style health insurance plans welcome, but will be fought off especially from the interest groups such as the American Medical Association (AMA) and the American Hospital Association (AHA), (since they are notorious for opposing government-based national health insurance). Sister Mary Anne questions whether or not the AMA and AHA really are a service to all people. She challenges their record. <br /><br />Sister Mary Anne would like to see neighborhood health cares established to educate residents, especially the elderly, in preventative medicine. Prior to this article, there was a lowering of bus fare rates for the elderly so they could better manage to get transportation to and from the medical centers, but more needs to be done. Sister Mary Anne stresses the importance of “gray power” when it comes to voting. She hopes to see a large turnout of older voters for the upcoming primary. She closes with the quote, “we don’t need more food stamp programs, we need more income—a chance to live with dignity.”
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MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3
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University of Memphis Libraries
Date
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July 20, 1974
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Digital Image © 2016, University of Memphis Libraries Preservation and Special Collections Department. All rights reserved.
Religion
Spring 2016
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afa52a16528bf0bf5a91f53d136ef378
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Religion
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Religion, 2016
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© 2016, Reagan Andrews; Dallas Bright; Jazmyne Mendez.
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Reagan Andrews, Dallas Bright, and Jazmyne Mendez
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2016
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<p class="Body" style="text-align:left;" align="center"> </p>
<p class="Body"> History offers anyone who is willing to learn about it a window into the past. It is a way to view cultures from the past, the way ancient civilizations functioned or the societal constraints of our more recent predecessors. Specifically, history has a lot to say about the evolution of religion over time. Even more specifically, history offers insight to how women related to or used religion in the past. During the 1800s religion shaped southern life<a title="">[1]</a>. This proves to be true in the case of Sister Hughetta Snowden, who devoted her life to the church actively during the 1870’s. The same could be said for Sister Mary Anne Guthrie, although her activity does not happen until about one hundred years later. By comparing these two outstanding women, one can draw conclusions about the way religion changes or stays the same over time.</p>
<p class="Body"> Sister Hughetta Snowden was born February 16th, 1848 in Nashville, Tennessee.<a title=""><sup><sup>[2]</sup></sup></a> In 1871, she joined the Sisters of St. Mary in New York City at the age of 23.<a title=""><sup><sup>[3]</sup></sup></a> In 1873, she moved to Memphis, Tennessee to expand the Sisterhood of St. Mary; however, at the same time there was a yellow fever epidemic. The Sisters worked together to help those who were ill. Later that year, they were able to start St. Mary’s School for Young Ladies.<a title=""><sup><sup>[4]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p> Sister Hughetta was the nineteenth choir sister in the Community of St. Mary after she took her final vows on August 21st, 1874.<a title=""><sup><sup>[5]</sup></sup></a> Many of the Sisters who came to Memphis with her lost their lives to the yellow fever of 1878. In <em>The Christmas Invitation,</em> an autobiography of Sister Hughetta's experiences directly after the yellow fever of 1878, there is talk of how Sister Hughetta herself was sick with the plague when her fellow Sisters lives were taken.<a title=""><sup><sup>[6]</sup></sup></a> That same year, Sister Hughetta Snowden was named Sister Superior of the Southern work.<a title=""><sup><sup>[7]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p> In 1881, Sister Hughetta established a summer home named “‘St. Mary’s-on-the-Mountain’”<a title=""><sup><sup>[8]</sup></sup></a> in Sewanee, Tennessee. She found that missionary work was greatly needed there so she “obtained permission from the Mother Foundress to start such work, and in 1897, a training school for mountain girls was opened”.<a title=""><sup><sup>[9]</sup></sup></a> It lacked workers, causing it to be closed only two years later. Despite this setback, Sister Hughetta Snowden continued her missionary work in that area.</p>
<p> Sister Hughetta retrieved workers from St. Mary’s in Memphis and re-opened the school. This time the school flourished until it completely burned down on May 3rd, 1909.<a title=""><sup><sup>[10]</sup></sup></a> Sister Snowden was very optimistic, and with the help of her friends, a stone structure is built from the ashes of the old school. This was where she continued her work until a year before she passed away.<a title=""><sup><sup>[11]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p>In one of Sister Hughetta's letters, she discussed the Sisters need to obtain permission to establish "a Sisters' Home" in 1888.<a title=""><sup><sup>[12]</sup></sup></a> She stated that the separate house for the Sisters was basically a necessity for them to live the religious life that they were called to do. "For there were now seven Sisters at the school and to give them the retirement and privacy that their life demanded and to facilitate them in the conventual living of the true Religious Life – ever an uppermost desire – the separate house for the Sisters was demanded."<a title=""><sup><sup>[13]</sup></sup></a> They did receive permission and were able to get their "Sisters' Home" for more space and privacy.</p>
<p>Sister Hughetta’s life speaks volumes about religion and the effects it had on society in that time period. By analyzing a more recent nun’s life, Sister Mary Anne Guthrie, comparisons can be made between the ways religion transcends over time periods. Though Sister Hughetta was a nun in the Episcopal Church and Sister Mary Anne was in the Dominican order of the Catholic Church, there are still great similarities between the two women and their impact on religion.</p>
<p>Sister Mary Anne Guthrie was born in 1926. She is known in Memphian history for her battle with Bellevue Baptist Church, and for being the first nun to run for congress. A Memphis native, she moved away for a short period of time, only to return to Memphis in 1968 to serve as a nurse practitioner at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. While in Memphis, she made sure to raise some hell (all jokes aside.) </p>
<p class="Body"> In 1974, Sister Mary Anne was told by the bishop of her convent, (which was a part of the Dominican Order of the Catholic Church,) that she could not become a bishop herself, “[and] she might as well go to Washington.”<a title=""><sup><sup>[14]</sup></sup></a> During the time, women could not hold the role as bishop in the Catholic Church, so Sister Mary Anne was encouraged to seek a political role in the secular world. She ran as a Democratic for the 8th district, opposed by four men and one woman, until one candidate dropped out of the race to support Sister Mary Anne. It was published in a newspaper on July 29, 1974, that Mark Flanagan was the man who withdrew from the race to give Sister Mary Anne a better chance of winning. He made his decision because he felt he and the Sister stood for the same things, one of which being a more ethnically-balanced Memphis. Flanagan is quoted saying, "We can't tolerate white racism and neither can we tolerate black racism." <a title="">[15]</a> The remaining candidates were Lee Whitman, Representative Harold Ford, Charles Burch and Joan Best. Sister Mary Anne was for the equality of all human beings, and felt if she won the congressional seat it would bring the government “a sense of humanity.”<a title=""><sup><sup>[16]</sup></sup></a> She also thought that her being a nun would help win the race.</p>
<p class="Body">Sister Mary Anne thought the main problem with the government was its diminishing integrity. She also felt less money should be spent on the nation’s defense and more should be spent on the bettering of less fortunate people. One example of her selflessness was while she was running for Congress, she spoke about why she felt America needed "a national health system that would not destroy free enterprise in the medical field."<a title="">[17]</a> Upon reading the health insurance bills before Congress, the Sister said she felt none of them were properly financed. She felt the government should not be over-taxing the middle class to fund health insurance. To combat the lack of care for a health system, Sister Mary Anne proposed creating her own health bill when elected. She told those at a luncheon at Harris Methodist Church, she was prepared to fight <em>all </em>opposition to her health insurance plans, especially from those from the American Medical Association (AMA) and the American Hospital Association (AHA).<a title="">[18]</a> With the help from neighborhood health centers, Sister Mary Anne hoped to educate people, especially the elderly, about medicines and better care for oneself. She ended her proposal with stressing the need for older voters to make a big turnout at the voting primary, stating, "We don’t need more food stamp programs, we need more income—a chance to live with dignity."<a title="">[19]</a></p>
<p class="Body">Another example of the Sister Mary Anne Guthrie’s humanity is shown in her infamous battle with Bellevue Baptist Church. A large part of the debate was over the techniques in which Bellevue chose to expand their church. All the purchases made by Bellevue over the years, forced people to move away so the church could take over new lands. Another portion of the debate was deciding whether or not to deny the church its growing needs. Sister Mary Anne Guthrie criticized Bellevue’s motives and means of expansion mainly because the church was putting people out of their homes, and“. . . she watched in frustration for years as Bellevue Baptist Church’s property acquisitions displaced residents and turned the church’s vicinity into an ‘asphalt jungle’”.<a title=""><sup><sup>[20]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p class="Body">One last example of Sister Mary Anne Guthrie's generosity is when she went to Lebanon, a then-war-torn country, to work at the American University of Beirut (AUB) Hospital. She took on the intensive care-recovery room with just six other nurses, when prior to the war there were 194 available workers. Once the war began hundreds of doctors and nurses fled the country. Rather than watching the war unravel over the news, Sister Mary Anne left her post as director of the Catholic Diocesan office of human rights, and offered up six months of her life to help the people of Lebanon. After reading newspaper articles about the conditions of the Palestinian refugee camps, Sister Mary Anne took a seventeen day Women's Interreligious Study Tour of the Middle East. She traveled into Beirut with the AUB Hospital's director, where she saw the newspapers had not told a single lie. She even volunteered to stay longer in Beirut if there was still a shortage of nurses after the war had ended.</p>
<p class="Body"> Throughout Sister Mary Anne Guthrie’s life, she was known for always wanting to help people who could not help themselves, and striving to make her voice heard for the greater good. She accomplished a lot of ground-breaking goals left a very impressive legacy behind—for those who can find it. After she passed, there was nothing left of her accomplishments aside from mostly newspaper archives. Only Sister Mary Anne’s brother, Milton Guthrie, would be found if one searched for information on her online. Since her brother was a more famous priest in Memphis, there is not a trace of her anywhere online. This just shows how men are considered more important for history than women even if the women leave a big impact.</p>
<p class="Body">Although Sister Hughetta Snowden and Sister Mary Anne Guthrie were born 78 years apart, the two still have numerous things in common with each other. First and foremost, they were both dedicated nuns who devoted their lives to helping others. For example, Sister Hughetta left behind her life in New York City to come to Memphis, where she eventually dedicated her time to helping those who fell victim to the yellow fever outbreak<a title="">[21]</a>. Sister Mary Anne also uprooted her life in the pursuit to help those around her when she decided to leave and help the sick in the needy areas of Peru<a title="">[22]</a>. Sister Mary Anne and Sister Hughetta did have integrity, but the way it transcended over the two time periods is very different. </p>
<p class="Default"> Sister Hughetta’s life and the work she did within the church tended to be more traditional work. Her move to Memphis was a church order, and so were most of the things she did in the Memphis community. Although Sister Hughetta had a lasting impact on Memphis, she did not necessarily challenge the gender ideals of her time period. However, Sister Mary Anne challenged the values of not only the church but society’s values as well. When Sister Mary Anne was the first nun to run for congress, she was opposed by church members and people who believed women simply did not have a place in congress. </p>
<p class="Default"> Both of these women faced the hardships of their time period, whether it be disease or restricting social standards—bravely. Sister Hughetta Snowden and Sister Mary Anne Guthrie will be remembered for both their similarities and differences. They will both continue to maintain their lasting historical impact on Memphis for decades to come. </p>
<p class="Default">____________________________________________</p>
<div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[1]</a> Dunn, Jeanette R., and Joe P. Dunn. "Southern Women and Religion."<em>Southern Women at the Millennium</em>. Melissa Walker, ed. Columbia: University of Missouri, 2003. 204-24. Print.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[2]</sup></sup></a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[3]</a> Gerald Chaudron. 2014. Biographical information in the R.B. Snowden family papers. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[4]</sup></sup></a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[5]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[6]</a> Margaret W. Jones and Susan P. Robinson. <em>The Christmas Invitation</em>. Memphis, TN: St. Luke's Press. 1985. 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[7]</sup></sup></a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[8]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[9]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[10]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[11]</sup></sup></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[12]</a> Gerald Chaudron. 2014. Sister Hughetta Remininence. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 54 - 137.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[13]</a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title=""><sup><sup>[14]</sup></sup></a> Lapham, Anita. “Memphis Woman Is First Nun To Run For Congress<em>.</em>”<em> Herald-Tribune,</em> July, 1974</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[15]</a> “Flanagan Quits Race to Back Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[16]</sup></sup></a> Clark, Michael. <em>Sister May Start Raising Cain If Bellevue Keeps Razing Land</em>. The Commercial Appeal, May, 1983</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[17]</a>“Form of National Health System is Supported by Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[18]</a>Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[19]</a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="Footnote"><a title=""><sup><sup>[20]</sup></sup></a> Lapham, Anita. “Memphis Woman Is First Nun To Run For Congress.” Herald-Tribune, July, 1974</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[21]</a> St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="">[22]</a> “Peru’s Call Answered by Sister.” August, 1983. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div>
<p> Bibliography</p>
<p class="Body">Chaudron, Gerald. 2014. R.B. Snowden Family Papers. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65.</p>
<p>Chaudron, Gerald. 2014. Sister Hughetta Snowden Reminiscence. University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 54 – 137.</p>
<p class="Body">Clark, Michael. <em>Sister May Start Raising Cain If Bellevue Keeps Razing Land.</em> The Commercial Appeal, May, 1983.</p>
<p>Dunn, Jeanette R., and Joe P. Dunn. "Southern Women and Religion."<em>Southern Women at the Millennium</em>. Melissa Walker, ed. Columbia: University of Missouri, 2003. Print.</p>
<p> “Flanagan Quits Race to Back Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
<p class="Body">“Form of National Health System is Supported by Sister Guthrie.” July, 1974. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
<p class="Body">Jones, Margaret W., and Susan P. Robinson. <em>The Christmas Invitation</em>. Memphis, TN: St. Luke's Press. 1985.</p>
<p>Lapham, Anita. “Memphis Woman Is First Nun To Run For Congress.” <em>Herald-Tribune</em>, July, 1974.</p>
<p> “Peru’s Call Answered by Sister.” August, 1983. MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3. Available at University of Memphis McWherter Library Special Collections.</p>
<p class="Body">St. Mary’s Cathedral. 1926. “Sister Hughetta Memorial.” University of Memphis Libraries. MSS 65. Box 1. Folder 13.</p>
<p class="Body"> </p>
</div>
</div>
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Reagan Andrews, Dallas Bright, Jazmyne Mendez
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Title
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Flanagan Quits Race to Back Sister Guthrie
Subject
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Religion, Congress, Memphis, Guthrie, Mary Anne
Description
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In this newspaper article, the main topic is how a Democratic candidate and the president of a plywood paneling firm, Mark Flanagan, decided to stop competing for the Eighth District Congressional race so he could support Sister Mary Anne Guthrie—another Democrat in the race. He made his decision based off the fact he and Sister Mary Anne stood for the same things. At a news conference, Flanagan spoke about his goal—to achieve a more diverse Memphis. He is quoted saying, “We can’t tolerate white racism and neither can we tolerate black racism.” There was a rumor going around that Harold Ford, the only black candidate, was manipulating black racism, and Flanagan couldn’t support him as a Democratic candidate. <br /><br />Sister Mary Anne felt Flanagan’s endorsement was just the thing to unify the Democratic Party. Despite the fact of not having any black endorsement, Sister Mary Anne said she still hoped to win the majority of black votes. She also went on to say she was currently not able to receive any endorsement because the Ford family was so prominent and pressured blacks for their votes. There was no way she could support Ford if he were the Democratic nominee, simply for the fact that he could not unify the Democratic Party as a whole to beat the Republicans in November.<br /><br /> Sister Mary Anne is still in the race, along with Lee Whitman, Representative Harold Ford, and Charles Burch, and Joan Best.
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MSS 475, Box 370B, Folder 3
Publisher
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University of Memphis Libraries
Date
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July 29, 1974
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Digital Image © 2016, University of Memphis Libraries Preservation and Special Collections Department. All rights reserved.
Religion
Spring 2016
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/15376/archive/files/aac4e3a096362d21be40d663d9553ac5.png?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Z0iEWboeNt87P0Xh2QuYjizhqZkhFMVKNS8gLZjZobcTbMNRr8IzrArZ7njZrFm3zVzSXjqI2RvAcm3ObaTfohreCSjp3yixu2-jKwYCt0zPFkT8ygnv1WMYhj8rBEjy0hFVl5FDCwkyFKSAadd3TfiSAB-m71IpXHf%7EiEehgnkVLXAn0OX4eEW49zszLoFLQGFfpu9R2GFbEnW155MUo6ixJMmhoBYq3cx0xT9phqnwCrD-M8bEVm-6kHicU2FdMHNKkZMHUauQzuVnMYgb5fXYYyQdX7HSQEhOU8NZo-GWZE5IVb1Fft1yCpP5TK5VvK0R4nfTJbyYF5ppHUF7OQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
0a7122982d8f9cc42f51a9b3bc8ec055
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Workplace
Subject
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Workplace, 2016
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University of Memphis Libraries
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Digital Image © 2016, University of Memphis Libraries Preservation and Special Collections Department. All rights reserved.
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The twentieth century gave women newfound freedoms that challenged the ideas of womanhood. As technologies advanced and conflicts arose, women were able to show their abilities through a new medium, the workplace. Female employment from the early twentieth century until the 1970s increased almost sixfold.[1] During this time, the greatest increase was seen during World War II. This time is marked by an increased need for manual labor and manufacturing jobs while men were away fighting the war. These jobs were seen as men’s work, and post-war men were able to return to their previous occupations. In many cases, women returned home or into clerical or service work. <br /><br />Women working outside of their homes in the earlier half of the twentieth century were generally poor and of lower social status. However, as educational opportunities broadened, women’s worldview began to expand. This is seen through their civic engagement, such as: Girl Scouts, Parent-Teacher Association, and nursery schools.[2] <br /><br />As opportunities grew for woman to learn and invest, it challenged the ideas that women were mentally and physically inadequate. From the early 1900s to the 1970s, many see a shift in the ideas of the role women should play. Women were no longer stuck in their position as service or clerical workers. Instead, the sharpest increase in female employment occurred in the middle-class in professional arena.[3] This is in stark contrast to most women who worked in low-paying, lessor jobs in the earlier 1900s. <br /><br />Patricia Walker Shaw exemplifies the expanding opportunities for women in the workplace. She was born in Little Rock, AR but considered herself a native Memphian. Patricia’s parents had intentions of shielding her from any discrimination, as an African American and as a woman. She grew up in a tight-knit black community within Little Rock, experiencing little reality regarding the rest of the world’s view of minorities. At the age of 15, Shaw had dreams of following her grandfather’s footsteps in the world of business. She had plans to become a stockbroker. Shaw began going to school at Fisk University in Nashville, TN where she met her current husband and began studying business. After her time at Fisk, Shaw then transferred to the school of business at the University of Michigan and finished her schooling with a Master’s degree from the University of Chicago. After graduating, Patricia Shaw began to seek out jobs within that pertained to her degrees in business.[4] <br /><br />Business opportunities for women were limited in this era. In an interview Shaw stated that as a black female “there were no opportunities in that day.” [5] Tired of a dead end in her job search, Shaw was forced to look for another profession in social work. In order to find a job in social work at the time, those interested were only required to pass a test. Social work was considered a woman’s job in comparison to various careers in business. Shaw moved back to Nashville while working as a social worker and began to earn her masters in the field. After transferring to school in Memphis, Shaw decided to change career paths once again. Her grandfather’s company, Universal Life Insurance, was a corporation where she believed that her destiny lied. Shaw began working, with her father, for Universal in July of 1966 as a keypunch operator. Through her motivation to pursue a career in the business world and her refusal to acknowledge the world’s view of women as a minority, Shaw progressed in her company relatively fast. After six or seven years of working for Universal, Shaw’s hard work had paid off when she was promoted to become an officer for the company. She then progressed to become a vice president of Universal and then president after her grandfather’s death. Although Patricia Walker Shaw put forth hard work when in school and throughout her younger years, she still faced the discrimination of society when attempting to pursue a career in her dream field, a field that was predominantly white and male. After being forced to succumb to what was accepted, she took advantage of her family’s opportunities and accomplished her dreams as the president of Universal Life Insurance.[6] Considering the discrimination she encountered, Patricia Shaw became a very accomplished businesswoman despite many obstacles she had to endure. Along with being a woman in a male dominated business world, she was also a minority. Dr. E Walker, Shaw’s grandfather, founded Universal Life Insurance in 1923 and Shaw was determined to one day fill the shoes worn by her father and grandfather.[7] However, Shaw was not just given this opportunity; she worked her way up the ladder from the bottom to achieve her goal of one day becoming president of the company. Her work included keypunch operator, clerk and research analyst in Universal’s comptrollers division.[8] Shaw believed that her work as a research analyst and auditor of all the departments in Universal Life helped her succeed tremendously. “It really let me develop an overview and get a real feel for the whole company”.[9] Patricia Shaw soon began to make a name for herself in the business world in Memphis, TN. Patricia Walker Shaw successfully navigated the business world in a racially-divided and gender-conservative Memphis. In 1973 the Memphis City Council approved the Mayor’s appointment of Patricia Shaw to be the first woman in history of MLGW to serve on its board of directors. Mayor Wyeth Chandler said that “Mrs. Shaw had the business background for this position on the board and she seemed to be taking a responsible, concerned approach to board membership”. Shaw’s viewpoints of minority women and business was illustrated through a quote she gave the Memphis Press-Scimitar: “I see myself not representing just so-called minority group, but all people…the bigger issue is human rights”. So, because Shaw lived in an environment that sheltered her from racial and gender inequality, she saw herself equal to men-even white men and she did not let society’s norms stop her from achieving her goals. Shaw, however, also did not turn a blind eye to the issues women were facing during this time. In an interview, Shaw said, “I think it gave me a broad awareness that maybe we were thinking too narrow when we thought that prejudice was just a black problem” .[10] Patricia Shaw served as a board member and president-elect of The National Insurance Association, an organization of minority insurance executives.[11] Then in 1983, Shaw was appointed to be executive president of Universal Life Insurance after her father passed. This position made Shaw one of the nation’s top women executives and she aspired to pass down her knowledge to other aspiring business women.[12] <br /><br />Another example of women in the workplace is Marilyn Califf. Marilyn Califf was born in Memphis, TN on April 27, 1932.[13] She graduated from Central High School in 1950, and then attended The University of Miami.[14] She then transferred to Memphis State University in 1951.[15] In 1953, she married Leon Herman Califf and had two children with him. She was a stay at home mom until her daughter was ten and then attended the International University of Saltillo in Mexico.[16]In 1970, she began to design quilts, publish quilt patterns and operate a mail order business for quilting supplies and equipment. In 1971, she began the publication of Contemporary Quilts Catalog for Quilt designs and patterns.[17] She was awarded in 1972 for her quilts at the Tennessee Artist-Craftsman Association meeting in Nashville.[18] She began her teaching career by working for the Tennessee Vocational Rehabilitation office where she taught quilting to women on welfare.[19] She later taught a quilting course at Shelby State Community College. This job paid $15 per teaching hour which was a total of $180 for the course. The first semester went so well that she taught the next semester and her number of courses increased. She ended her teaching career at Shelby State Community College and she then began her business, Contemporary Quilts, which was located on Summer Avenue in Memphis, TN.[20] This was an active shop which differed from her previous mail order business. In 1975, she served on a committee to organize seminars for women in small businesses. It was sponsored by U.S. Small Business Administration. In 1976, she met with a consultant for The Nihon Vogue Publishing Company of Tokyo pertaining to a book on the American quilter’s art for Japanese market.[21] <br /><br />Marilyn did not have a hard time making herself known. Unlike Patricia Shaw, Marilyn’s work was still in the filed of what women are seen good at. Her career she chose could be done out of her house and she could run it the way she wanted to. She did not have a supervisor or anyone else over her. Many men that she had business with did not take her serious. She stood up and did not care what others thought of her. She made a career out of making quilts and she is still well known for her contributions to this day. Shaw and Califf both made themselves known in the business world. They ignore the beliefs that women can not be success and should only be of service to a man. They are the reason why women work hard today and do not need to depend on a man. <br /><br /><strong>Work Cited Page<br /></strong><br /> Primary Sources<br /><br /> "An Interview with Patricia Walker Shaw." Interview by Dianne Wells. An Oral History of Women Leaders in Memphis, December 12, 1979, Preservation and Special Collections Department, University of Memphis Ned McWherter Library. <br /><br />Chronology of Achievements: Marilyn Iskiwitz Califf, Feb. 1981, Box 1, Folder 5, MSS 130 Marilyn Iskiwitz Califf, Preservation and Special Collections Department, University of Memphis Ned McWherter Library. <br /><br />Current Resume’ for Marilyn Califf, Jan. 1977, Box 1, Folder 1, MSS 130 Marilyn Iskiwitz Califf, Preservation and Special Collections Department, University of Memphis Ned McWherter Library. <br /><br />Patricia Walker Shaw Collection, “Executive Woman in New Role,” Memphis Press-Scimitar (Memphis, TN), Feb. 12 1983. MSS 109. <br /><br />Patricia Walker Shaw Collection, Washington, Pearl, “Pat Shaw: ‘Quiet’ Ways Make Career Her Business,” Memphis Press-Scimitar (Memphis, TN), April 7,1983. MSS 109.<br /><br /> Secondary Sources<br /><br /> Harbeson, Gladys. Choice and Challenge for the American Woman,Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Pub., 1967. <br /><br />_______________________________________________<br />[1]Gladys Harbeson, Choice and Challenge for the American Woman (Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Pub., 1967),86. <br />[2] Ibid. <br />[3] Ibid. <br />[4] ."An Interview with Patricia Walker Shaw." Interview by Dianne Wells. An Oral History of Women Leaders in Memphis, December 12, 1979, Preservation and Special Collections Department, University of Memphis Ned McWherter Library. [5] Ibid. <br />[6] Ibid. <br />[7] Patricia Walker Shaw Collection, Washington, Pearl, “Pat Shaw: ‘Quiet’ Ways Make Career Her Business,” Memphis Press-Scimitar (Memphis, TN), April 7,1983. MSS 109. <br />[8] Patricia Walker Shaw Collection, “Executive Woman in New Role,” Memphis Press-Scimitar (Memphis, TN), Feb. 12 1983. MSS 109. <br />[9] Ibid. <br />[10] "An Interview with Patricia Walker Shaw." dge, MA: Schenkman Pub., 1967) <br />[11]“Executive Woman in New Role.” <br />[12] Ibid.<br /> [13] Current Resume’ for Marilyn Califf, Jan. 1977, Box 1, Folder 1, MSS 130 Marilyn Iskiwitz Califf, Perservation and Special Collections Department, University of Memphis Ned McWherter Library.<br /> [14] Ibid <br />[15] Ibid <br />[16] Chronology of Achievements: Marilyn Iskiwitz Califf, Feb. 1981, Box 1, Folder 5, MSS 130 Marilyn Iskiwitz Califf, Preservation and Special Collections Department, University of Memphis Ned McWherter Library.<br /> [17] Ibid. <br />[18] Ibid. <br />[19] Ibid. <br />[20] Ibid. <br />[21] Ibid.
Date
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2016
Contributor
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Allison Horne, Jennifer Capers, Kristy Smith, Lauren McConnico
Dublin Core
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Title
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Marilyn Califf's Quilt Exhibit
Subject
The topic of the resource
Women in the Workplace
Description
An account of the resource
Marilyn Califf developed an art exhibit for the Meridian Museum of Art. This article was written to inform the public of this event. It will last through the months of October until December. This exhibit not only included her quilts, but she also held a quilting workshop.
This article also gave a brief description of her educational background. Califf attended four different universities, and finished at the Memphis Academy of Art. During this period of history, it became the norm for women to attend college. However, it was not normal for a woman to go far from home, especially on an international level.
Creator
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The Meridian Star
Publisher
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University of Memphis Libraries
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Digital Image © 2016, University of Memphis Libraries Preservation and Special Collections Department. All rights reserved.
Spring 2016
workplace
-
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4e559a4c1973b7ee89c3f8556865aa39
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Workplace
Subject
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Workplace, 2016
Publisher
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University of Memphis Libraries
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Digital Image © 2016, University of Memphis Libraries Preservation and Special Collections Department. All rights reserved.
Description
An account of the resource
The twentieth century gave women newfound freedoms that challenged the ideas of womanhood. As technologies advanced and conflicts arose, women were able to show their abilities through a new medium, the workplace. Female employment from the early twentieth century until the 1970s increased almost sixfold.[1] During this time, the greatest increase was seen during World War II. This time is marked by an increased need for manual labor and manufacturing jobs while men were away fighting the war. These jobs were seen as men’s work, and post-war men were able to return to their previous occupations. In many cases, women returned home or into clerical or service work. <br /><br />Women working outside of their homes in the earlier half of the twentieth century were generally poor and of lower social status. However, as educational opportunities broadened, women’s worldview began to expand. This is seen through their civic engagement, such as: Girl Scouts, Parent-Teacher Association, and nursery schools.[2] <br /><br />As opportunities grew for woman to learn and invest, it challenged the ideas that women were mentally and physically inadequate. From the early 1900s to the 1970s, many see a shift in the ideas of the role women should play. Women were no longer stuck in their position as service or clerical workers. Instead, the sharpest increase in female employment occurred in the middle-class in professional arena.[3] This is in stark contrast to most women who worked in low-paying, lessor jobs in the earlier 1900s. <br /><br />Patricia Walker Shaw exemplifies the expanding opportunities for women in the workplace. She was born in Little Rock, AR but considered herself a native Memphian. Patricia’s parents had intentions of shielding her from any discrimination, as an African American and as a woman. She grew up in a tight-knit black community within Little Rock, experiencing little reality regarding the rest of the world’s view of minorities. At the age of 15, Shaw had dreams of following her grandfather’s footsteps in the world of business. She had plans to become a stockbroker. Shaw began going to school at Fisk University in Nashville, TN where she met her current husband and began studying business. After her time at Fisk, Shaw then transferred to the school of business at the University of Michigan and finished her schooling with a Master’s degree from the University of Chicago. After graduating, Patricia Shaw began to seek out jobs within that pertained to her degrees in business.[4] <br /><br />Business opportunities for women were limited in this era. In an interview Shaw stated that as a black female “there were no opportunities in that day.” [5] Tired of a dead end in her job search, Shaw was forced to look for another profession in social work. In order to find a job in social work at the time, those interested were only required to pass a test. Social work was considered a woman’s job in comparison to various careers in business. Shaw moved back to Nashville while working as a social worker and began to earn her masters in the field. After transferring to school in Memphis, Shaw decided to change career paths once again. Her grandfather’s company, Universal Life Insurance, was a corporation where she believed that her destiny lied. Shaw began working, with her father, for Universal in July of 1966 as a keypunch operator. Through her motivation to pursue a career in the business world and her refusal to acknowledge the world’s view of women as a minority, Shaw progressed in her company relatively fast. After six or seven years of working for Universal, Shaw’s hard work had paid off when she was promoted to become an officer for the company. She then progressed to become a vice president of Universal and then president after her grandfather’s death. Although Patricia Walker Shaw put forth hard work when in school and throughout her younger years, she still faced the discrimination of society when attempting to pursue a career in her dream field, a field that was predominantly white and male. After being forced to succumb to what was accepted, she took advantage of her family’s opportunities and accomplished her dreams as the president of Universal Life Insurance.[6] Considering the discrimination she encountered, Patricia Shaw became a very accomplished businesswoman despite many obstacles she had to endure. Along with being a woman in a male dominated business world, she was also a minority. Dr. E Walker, Shaw’s grandfather, founded Universal Life Insurance in 1923 and Shaw was determined to one day fill the shoes worn by her father and grandfather.[7] However, Shaw was not just given this opportunity; she worked her way up the ladder from the bottom to achieve her goal of one day becoming president of the company. Her work included keypunch operator, clerk and research analyst in Universal’s comptrollers division.[8] Shaw believed that her work as a research analyst and auditor of all the departments in Universal Life helped her succeed tremendously. “It really let me develop an overview and get a real feel for the whole company”.[9] Patricia Shaw soon began to make a name for herself in the business world in Memphis, TN. Patricia Walker Shaw successfully navigated the business world in a racially-divided and gender-conservative Memphis. In 1973 the Memphis City Council approved the Mayor’s appointment of Patricia Shaw to be the first woman in history of MLGW to serve on its board of directors. Mayor Wyeth Chandler said that “Mrs. Shaw had the business background for this position on the board and she seemed to be taking a responsible, concerned approach to board membership”. Shaw’s viewpoints of minority women and business was illustrated through a quote she gave the Memphis Press-Scimitar: “I see myself not representing just so-called minority group, but all people…the bigger issue is human rights”. So, because Shaw lived in an environment that sheltered her from racial and gender inequality, she saw herself equal to men-even white men and she did not let society’s norms stop her from achieving her goals. Shaw, however, also did not turn a blind eye to the issues women were facing during this time. In an interview, Shaw said, “I think it gave me a broad awareness that maybe we were thinking too narrow when we thought that prejudice was just a black problem” .[10] Patricia Shaw served as a board member and president-elect of The National Insurance Association, an organization of minority insurance executives.[11] Then in 1983, Shaw was appointed to be executive president of Universal Life Insurance after her father passed. This position made Shaw one of the nation’s top women executives and she aspired to pass down her knowledge to other aspiring business women.[12] <br /><br />Another example of women in the workplace is Marilyn Califf. Marilyn Califf was born in Memphis, TN on April 27, 1932.[13] She graduated from Central High School in 1950, and then attended The University of Miami.[14] She then transferred to Memphis State University in 1951.[15] In 1953, she married Leon Herman Califf and had two children with him. She was a stay at home mom until her daughter was ten and then attended the International University of Saltillo in Mexico.[16]In 1970, she began to design quilts, publish quilt patterns and operate a mail order business for quilting supplies and equipment. In 1971, she began the publication of Contemporary Quilts Catalog for Quilt designs and patterns.[17] She was awarded in 1972 for her quilts at the Tennessee Artist-Craftsman Association meeting in Nashville.[18] She began her teaching career by working for the Tennessee Vocational Rehabilitation office where she taught quilting to women on welfare.[19] She later taught a quilting course at Shelby State Community College. This job paid $15 per teaching hour which was a total of $180 for the course. The first semester went so well that she taught the next semester and her number of courses increased. She ended her teaching career at Shelby State Community College and she then began her business, Contemporary Quilts, which was located on Summer Avenue in Memphis, TN.[20] This was an active shop which differed from her previous mail order business. In 1975, she served on a committee to organize seminars for women in small businesses. It was sponsored by U.S. Small Business Administration. In 1976, she met with a consultant for The Nihon Vogue Publishing Company of Tokyo pertaining to a book on the American quilter’s art for Japanese market.[21] <br /><br />Marilyn did not have a hard time making herself known. Unlike Patricia Shaw, Marilyn’s work was still in the filed of what women are seen good at. Her career she chose could be done out of her house and she could run it the way she wanted to. She did not have a supervisor or anyone else over her. Many men that she had business with did not take her serious. She stood up and did not care what others thought of her. She made a career out of making quilts and she is still well known for her contributions to this day. Shaw and Califf both made themselves known in the business world. They ignore the beliefs that women can not be success and should only be of service to a man. They are the reason why women work hard today and do not need to depend on a man. <br /><br /><strong>Work Cited Page<br /></strong><br /> Primary Sources<br /><br /> "An Interview with Patricia Walker Shaw." Interview by Dianne Wells. An Oral History of Women Leaders in Memphis, December 12, 1979, Preservation and Special Collections Department, University of Memphis Ned McWherter Library. <br /><br />Chronology of Achievements: Marilyn Iskiwitz Califf, Feb. 1981, Box 1, Folder 5, MSS 130 Marilyn Iskiwitz Califf, Preservation and Special Collections Department, University of Memphis Ned McWherter Library. <br /><br />Current Resume’ for Marilyn Califf, Jan. 1977, Box 1, Folder 1, MSS 130 Marilyn Iskiwitz Califf, Preservation and Special Collections Department, University of Memphis Ned McWherter Library. <br /><br />Patricia Walker Shaw Collection, “Executive Woman in New Role,” Memphis Press-Scimitar (Memphis, TN), Feb. 12 1983. MSS 109. <br /><br />Patricia Walker Shaw Collection, Washington, Pearl, “Pat Shaw: ‘Quiet’ Ways Make Career Her Business,” Memphis Press-Scimitar (Memphis, TN), April 7,1983. MSS 109.<br /><br /> Secondary Sources<br /><br /> Harbeson, Gladys. Choice and Challenge for the American Woman,Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Pub., 1967. <br /><br />_______________________________________________<br />[1]Gladys Harbeson, Choice and Challenge for the American Woman (Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Pub., 1967),86. <br />[2] Ibid. <br />[3] Ibid. <br />[4] ."An Interview with Patricia Walker Shaw." Interview by Dianne Wells. An Oral History of Women Leaders in Memphis, December 12, 1979, Preservation and Special Collections Department, University of Memphis Ned McWherter Library. [5] Ibid. <br />[6] Ibid. <br />[7] Patricia Walker Shaw Collection, Washington, Pearl, “Pat Shaw: ‘Quiet’ Ways Make Career Her Business,” Memphis Press-Scimitar (Memphis, TN), April 7,1983. MSS 109. <br />[8] Patricia Walker Shaw Collection, “Executive Woman in New Role,” Memphis Press-Scimitar (Memphis, TN), Feb. 12 1983. MSS 109. <br />[9] Ibid. <br />[10] "An Interview with Patricia Walker Shaw." dge, MA: Schenkman Pub., 1967) <br />[11]“Executive Woman in New Role.” <br />[12] Ibid.<br /> [13] Current Resume’ for Marilyn Califf, Jan. 1977, Box 1, Folder 1, MSS 130 Marilyn Iskiwitz Califf, Perservation and Special Collections Department, University of Memphis Ned McWherter Library.<br /> [14] Ibid <br />[15] Ibid <br />[16] Chronology of Achievements: Marilyn Iskiwitz Califf, Feb. 1981, Box 1, Folder 5, MSS 130 Marilyn Iskiwitz Califf, Preservation and Special Collections Department, University of Memphis Ned McWherter Library.<br /> [17] Ibid. <br />[18] Ibid. <br />[19] Ibid. <br />[20] Ibid. <br />[21] Ibid.
Date
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2016
Contributor
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Allison Horne, Jennifer Capers, Kristy Smith, Lauren McConnico
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
MLGW Organization Chart
Subject
The topic of the resource
Women in the Workplace
Description
An account of the resource
This is a chart provided by Memphis Light Gas and Water as a reference for the employees. The chart illustrates Patricia Shaw’s level of responsibility within the company. Her position is directly below the president of the company. During this time, it was an anomaly to see not only a woman, but an African American woman achieve her professional status.
Creator
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Memphis, Light, Gas, and Water
Rights
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Digital Image © 2016, University of Memphis Libraries Preservation and Special Collections Department. All rights reserved.
Publisher
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University of Memphis Libraries
Spring 2016
workplace